Chapter 8: Numbers

(This Chapter Has Not Been Reformatted Yet) #

\chapter{Numbers}

\section{Cardinal Numbers}

\subsection{Numbers 1 - 10:}

In Galilean, it is \emph{exceedingly} common for the feminine forms for 3-10 to be used to describe \emph{either} masculine \emph{or} feminine phrases, especially in conversation when the next word begins with a vowel or begins with the same consonant the number ends with. Additionally, the \textit{Definite} endings are attested as both \Gal{-tE} and \Gal{-tI}.

\noindent
\begin{longtabu} to \textwidth { l || X[c] X[c] X[c] X[c] X[c] X[c]}
\textbf{X} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{\textbf{(a) masc.}}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{\textbf{(a) fem.}}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{\textbf{the}}} \
\hline
\endhead
1 & \Gal{xad} & \textit{ḥaḏ} & \Gal{x:dah} & \textit{ḥəḏáh} & \Gal{xadtah} & \textit{ḥaḏtáh}\footnote{Often with the \textit{dəláṯ} assimilated as \Gal{xat>ah} \textit{ḥattáh}} \

2 & \Gal{t:rAyyiN} & \textit{təraiyín} & \Gal{tartayyiN} & \textit{tàrtaiyín} & \Gal{t:rEnAh} & \textit{tərenáh}\
~\footnote{This line represents the Construct state.}
& \Gal{t:rEN} & \textit{tərén} & \Gal{tartEN} & \textit{tartén} & - & - \
3 & \Gal{t:latah} & \textit{təlaṯáh} & \Gal{t:lat} & \textit{təláṯ} & \Gal{taltE} & \textit{talté} \
4 & \Gal{)arb(ah} & \textit{'arbáh} & \Gal{)arba(} & \textit{'arbá} & \Gal{)arba(tE} & \textit{'arbaté} \\ 5 & \Gal{xam.\$ah} & \textit{ḥamməšáh} & \Gal{x:m.\$} & \textit{ḥəmməš}\footnote{Sokoloff vocalizes it \textit{ḥǎmeš}, but it could also be \textit{ḥəmmáš} or even \textit{ḥámməš}.} & \Gal{xam.\$tE} & \textit{ḥamməšté}\footnote{Sokoloff vocalizes it as \textit{ḥammište}.} \\ 6 & \Gal{)I\$tah} & \textit{'ištáh}\footnote{Sometimes \Gal{\$Itah} \textit{šitáh}.} & \Gal{\$:t} & \textit{šəṯ}\footnote{Often \Gal{\$Et} \textit{šeṯ}.} & \Gal{\$:t.E} & \textit{šətté}\footnote{Sometimes \Gal{)I\$ttE} \textit{'ištṯah}.} \\ 7 & \Gal{\$Ub(ah} & \textit{šuváh} & \Gal{$:ba(} & \textit{šəvá}\footnote{Often \Gal{\$Uba(} \textit{šuvá}.}
& \Gal{$Uba(tE} & \textit{šuvaté} \\ 8 & \Gal{tUmanyyah}& \textit{tumanyáh} & \Gal{t:manE} & \textit{təmané} & \Gal{tUmantE} & \textit{tumanté} \\ 9 & \Gal{t:\$(ah} & \textit{təšáh} & \Gal{t:$a(} & \textit{təšá} & \Gal{tI\$a(tE} & \textit{tišaté} \
10 & \Gal{(:&rAh} & \textit{əśráh} & \Gal{(:\&ar} & \textit{əśár} & \Gal{(:&artE} & \textit{`əśarté} \
\end{longtabu}

\subsection{Numbers 11 - 19:}

Eleven and twelve tend to be gendered, but beyond that the gender "defaults" to the feminine.

\begin{longtabu} to \textwidth { l || X[c] X[c] X[c] X[c]}
\textbf{X}& \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{(a)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{the}} \
\hline
\endhead
11 & \Gal{xad (:&ar} & \textit{ḥaḏ~əśár} & \Gal{xad (:\&artE} & \textit{ḥaḏ əśarté} \
\Fem & \Gal{x:dah (:&rAh} & \textit{ḥəḏáh~əśráh} & \Gal{x:dah (:\&artE} & \textit{ḥəḏáh~əśarté} \
12\footnote{Quite often, \Gal{trE} is spelled \Gal{trEN} and \Gal{tartE} is spelled \Gal{tartEN}.}
& \Gal{trE (:&ar} & \textit{təré~əśár} & \Gal{trE (:\&artE} & \textit{təré~əśarté} \
\Fem & \Gal{tartE (:&rAh} & \textit{tarté~əśráh} & \Gal{tartE (:\&artE} & \textit{tarté~əśarté} \
13 & \Gal{t:lat (:&ar} & \textit{təlaṯ~əśár} & \Gal{t:lat (:\&artE} & \textit{təlaṯ~əśarté} \
14 & \Gal{)arb(at (:&ar} & \textit{'arbáṯ~əśár} & \Gal{)arb(at (:&artE} & \textit{'arbáṯ əśarté} \
15 & ~ & \Gal{xam:$ (:&ar} & \Gal{xam:$ (:&artE} \
16\footnote{Often \Gal{$:t} is spelled \Gal{$Et}.}
& ~ & \Gal{$:t (:&ar} & \Gal{$:t (:&artE} \
17\footnote{Often \Gal{$:ba(} is spelled \Gal{$Uba(}.}
& ~ & \Gal{$:ba( (:&ar} & \Gal{$:ba( (:&artE} \
18 & ~ & \Gal{t:manE (:&ar} & \Gal{t:manE (:&artE} \
19 & ~ & \Gal{t:$a( (:&ar} & \Gal{t:$a( (:&artE} \
\end{longtabu}

\subsection{Numbers 20 - 10,000:}

\begin{longtabu} to \textwidth { l || X[r] X[r]}
\textbf{Number:} & \textit{(a)} & \textit{the} \
\hline
\endhead
Twenty & \Gal{(:&rIN} & \Gal{(:&rIt.E}* \
Thirty & \Gal{t:latIN} & \Gal{t:latIt.E} \
Forty & \Gal{)arb:(IN} & \Gal{)arb:(It.E}* \
Fifty & \Gal{xam:$IN} & \Gal{xam:$It.E}* \
Sixty & \footnote{Often \Gal{)I$tIN}.}\Gal{$:t.IN} & \footnote{Or possibly \Gal{)I$tIt.E}.}\Gal{$:tIt.E}* \
Seventy & \footnote{Sometimes \Gal{$abIN}.}\Gal{$UbIN} & \Gal{$UbIt.E} \
Eighty & \Gal{tUmanayyiN} & \Gal{tUmanIt.E}* \
Ninety & \Gal{t:$a(IN} & \Gal{t:$a(It.E}* \
Hundred & \Gal{m:)ah} & \Gal{m:)atah} \
Hundreds & \Gal{m:)awwaN} & \Gal{m:)awwatah} \
Thousand & \Gal{):laP} & \Gal{)alpah} \
Thousands & \Gal{)alpIN} & \Gal{)alpayyah} \
Myriad\footnote{Ten thousand.}
& \Gal{r:bU} & \Gal{r:bUtah} \
Myriads & \Gal{r:bwwaN} & \Gal{r:bwwatah} \
\end{longtabu}

\subsection{Constructing Complex Numbers}

Large numbers are composed by stating the largest place values first and using \Gal{w;-} ("and") to join between them. For example:

\begin{center}

\Gal{tUmanayyiN w;xam:$}\
Eighty and five. = 85\
~\
\Gal{ma)ah w;tlat (:&ar}\
(One) hundred and thirteen. = 113 \
~\
\Gal{xam:$ )alpIN w:trEN ma)awwaN w;tlat (:&ar} \
Five thousands and two hundreds and thirteen. = 5,213 \
\end{center}

Extra large numbers at or in excess of 10,000 make use of \Gal{r:b.U} or "myriad" (=10,000), which requires a bit of additional thinking for those not accustomed to using it.

\begin{center}
\Gal{trE (:&ar r:bwwaN} \
Twelve myriads. = 120,000 \
~\
\Gal{ma)ah r:bwwaN} \
(One) hundred myriads. = 1,000,000 \
(One million.)

\end{center}

\section{Ordinal Numbers}

Ordinal numbers indicate the order in which things are placed relative to others. Since they are adjectives, they can be fully declined.

\begin{longtabu} to \textwidth { l r || X[r] X[r] X[r] X[r]}
\textbf{Number:} &~ & \textit{(a) masc.} & \textit{(a) fem.} & \textit{the masc.} & \textit{the fem.} \
\hline
\endhead
First &sg. & \Gal{qadmayy} & \Gal{qadmayyah} & \Gal{qadmayyah} & \Gal{qadmayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{qadmayyiN} & \Gal{qadmayyaN}* & \Gal{qadm)aE} & \Gal{qadmayyatah}* \
\hline
Second &sg. & \Gal{tInyyaN} & \Gal{tInyyanah} & \Gal{tInyyanah} & \Gal{tInyyetah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{tInyyanIN} & \Gal{tInyyanaN}* & \Gal{tInyyan)aE}* & \Gal{tInyyatah} \
\hline
Third &sg. & \Gal{tlItayy} & \Gal{tlItayyah} & \Gal{tlItayyah} & \Gal{tlItayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{tlItayyiN} & \Gal{tlItayyaN}* & \Gal{tlIt)aE}* & \Gal{tlItyyatah}* \
\hline
Fourth &sg. & \Gal{r:bI(ayy} & \Gal{r:bI(ayyah}* & \Gal{r:bI(ayyah} & \Gal{r:bI(ayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{r:bI(ayyiN}* & \Gal{r:bI(ayyan}* & \Gal{r:bI()aE}* & \Gal{r:bI(ayyatah}* \
\hline
Fifth &sg. & \Gal{xamI$ayy} & \Gal{xamI$ayyah}* & \Gal{xamI$ayyah} & \Gal{xamI$ayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{xamI$ayyiN}* & \Gal{xamI$ayyaN}* & \Gal{xamI$)aE} & \Gal{xamI$ayyatah}* \
\hline
Sixth &sg. & \Gal{$:tItayy} & \Gal{$:tItayyah} & \Gal{$:tItayyah}* & \Gal{$:tItayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{$:tItayyiN}* & \Gal{$:tItayyaN}* & \Gal{$:tIt)aE}* & \Gal{$:tItayyatah}* \
\hline
Seventh &sg. & \Gal{$:bI(ayy}* & \Gal{$:bI(ayyah}* & \Gal{$:bI(ayyah} & \Gal{$:bI(ayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{$:bI(ayyiN}* & \Gal{$:bI(ayyaN}* & \Gal{$:bI()aE}* & \Gal{$:bI(ayyatah}* \
\hline
Eighth &sg. & \Gal{t:mInayy}* & \Gal{t:mInayyah}* & \Gal{t:mInayyah} & \Gal{t:mInayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{t:mInayyiN}* & \Gal{t:mInayyaN}* & \Gal{t:mIn)aE}* & \Gal{t:mInayyatah}* \
\hline
Ninth &sg. & \Gal{t:$I(ayy}* & \Gal{t:$I(ayyah}* & \Gal{t:$I(ayyah} & \Gal{t:$I(ayytah} \
~ &pl. & \Gal{t:$I(ayyiN}* & \Gal{t:$I(ayyaN}* & \Gal{t:$I()aE}* & \Gal{t:$I(ayyatah}* \
\hline
Tenth &sg. & \Gal{(:&Irayy}* & \Gal{(:&Irayyah}* & \Gal{(:&Irayyah}* & \Gal{(:&Irayytah}* \
~ &pl. & \Gal{(:&IrayyiN}* & \Gal{(:&IrayyaN}* & \Gal{(:&Ir)aE}* & \Gal{(:&Irayyatah}* \
\end{longtabu}

From this point on, Cardinal Numbers are used as Ordinal Numbers instead.

\section{Equality & Inequality}

To express equality, we use the particle \Gal{ha)} (="behold"; or in this case "equals").

\section{Arithmetic}

\subsection{Multiplication}

Multiplication is expressed by using the phrase \Gal{z:mnIN m:N} = "times from":

\Gal{(:&ar z;mnIN m:N m:)ah ha) )alpIN} = "Ten times (one) hundred equals (one) thousand."

\subsection{Area & Measurements}

X by X = \Gal{X (al X}.